UGC NET Paper II and III Write up International Nuclear Information System (INIS) , Ph 078-380-239-56

International Nuclear Information System (INIS): INIS is an international co-operative information system on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology. INIS is operated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in collaboration with its 116 Member States and 22 co-operating international organizations. The IAEA, based in Vienna, Austria, is an autonomous organization within the United Nations System.
a) Members: Currently, 116 countries and 22 international organizations participate in INIS.

b) Functions: INIS processes most of the world’s scientific and technical literature that falls within its subject scope.

i) Bibliographic Database: INIS maintains a bibliographic database which currently contains over 2.7 million abstracted and indexed records.

ii) Information Reference Service: INIS provides a comprehensive information reference service for literature on the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology.

iii) Full Text: The full text INIS NCL collection includes about 650,000 full text documents from 1970 to the present. 

iv) Annotated Web Directory: INIS maintains a growing database of annotated links to Web sites on the Internet that are related to various fields of nuclear science and technology and the IAEA's work.

Additionally, INIS also maintains a unique collection of full text non-conventional (grey) literature that would be difficult to obtain elsewhere.

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Information Technology (IT) , Ph 078-380-239-56

Information Technology (IT): Information Technology (IT) is a generic term that covers the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of information. IT is the boon for mankind. It gives accessibility to information at fingertips. IT has reduced the space and time between the people, country and continent and ultimately has led to the emerging concept “global society” and “global village”.
1. Components of Information Technology: Information technology consists of the following components-

a) Computer: A computer is a device that solves problems by applying prescribed operation on data entered into it. It is a set of interacting elements, responding to input so as to produce desire output.

b) Telecommunication: The communication channel is the medium which carries the message / information / etc. send by the sender and takes it to receiver ends. In computer network the communication channel is the connecting cables.

c) Modem: Modem is short name for MOdulator – DEModulator. It can be defined as “a device attached to computer that can convert digital signals to analog signals and vice versa.” The data signal generated by computer (digital signal) is different from the signal from that can be carried by telephone lines (analog signal). A digital signal is a discrete signal and an analog signal is a continuous signal. So, a modem is required to convert the digital signal to analog signal at the senders side so that telephone cables can carry them. At the receivers end it again needs to convert back to the analog signal to digital signal to pass it to the computer. The modulation can convert the digital signal to analog signal and demodulator does the opposite. Modems are of two types- internal and external. Internal modems are installed inside the computer system.

d) Database: A database is a self describing collection of integrated records. It is self describing because it contains as part of itself, a directory or dictionary of its contents.

2. New Technologies in Information Technology: The new technologies that are emerging as part of Information Technology includes E-Commerce, Hyper Media, Data warehouses and Data Marts, Data Mining, Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), Geographical Information System (GIS), Video Conferencing / Net Meeting, etc. The Net Meeting helps one to talk face to face with distance people over the web.

3. Impact of IT on LIS: IT gives us the concept of remote access that brings the concepts of Global Village. IT connects different parts of the world with high speed; bring more capacity, and easy retrieval mechanism. If any information is fed into the computer system today then it is also available to the outsider today itself. There is no time lag in between. Uses of IT avoids duplication, so the information is becoming less costly.

            The impact of new technologies is seen in almost every human activity. The computers are also transforming the libraries into a paperless atmosphere. Again, it is the use of IT that gives librarians a wide scope, wide audience, and raise the status.

a) Collection: Information is collected as mashup, tag, bookmark, hyper text.

b) Transportation: Information is transmitted through optical fiber cables.

c) Storage: The computer storage reduces the bulk of the printed materials in the library. The optical disk, hard disc are very commonly used in all types of libraries.

d) Processing: Different types of computer software and other equipments are used for information processing.

e) Retrieval: The use of computer for information retrieval gives precise result in fraction of a second.

The overall impact of IT on library and information science is broadly subdivided into three major divisions, such as

a) Impact on Technical Services: Automation, in the form of bibliographic utilities and MARC format has revolutionized the practice of cataloguing. Today’s librarians rely on MARC format to provide proper cataloguing services to their users. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) can substantially reduce the cost of maintaining a catalogue. If the OPAC is integrated with technical service files in a full function automated system, work throughout the department can be streamlined and reorganized. The impact on staff responsibility and assignment can be significant. The co-operative collection development and management have become increasingly important in libraries due to tight budgets, rising prices and the information explosion. Bibliographic utilities facilitate these efforts through shared holdings, information and automated inter-library loan sub-systems to speed resource sharing.

b) Impact on Public Services: OPACs which provide speedy online access to the entire library's holding by means of computer terminals are affecting library operations.

c) Impact on Library Organization Structure: The right type of planning is vital for the efficient working of a library. Planning of a library organizational structure requires a thorough understanding of need of the users, objectives and functions of a library or information center. The emergence of information technology provided greater impetus for information transfer at both inter and intra-organizational level. Organization of all types become involved with IT and have implemented, IT based system.

4. Let Us Sum Up: Libraries and information centers has very important role in advancement of education, scientific research and socio-economic development of any society. These are the service centers, where very personalized service is extended to the users.

            As a result of recent expansion in communication infrastructure, expanding computer culture, advance in printing technology etc. has created more awareness about information use. It has resulted in increasing library services. The future libraries may not be recognized by their size; these will be perhaps recognized by variety of services and approaches, where information search areas will be outlined.

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UGC NET Paper II and III Write up Indian Library Association (ILA) , Ph 078-380-239-56

Indian Library Association (ILA): In 1933 some of the government of India Librarians, especially those in Calcutta, under the leadership of K. M. Asadullah organized the first All India Library Conference. It was at this conference that the Indian Library Association was founded on 12 September, 1933. The ILA Headquarters is in Delhi.

a) Objectives: ILA was formed with three fold objectives. In 1935 two more objectives were added. An amendment to the constitution of the ILA in 1970 added another four objectives. Another amendment in 1987 added three more objectives. Some of the objectives of ILA are:

i) Promoting library movement in the country,

ii) Developing Library and Information Science education,

iii) Training and research, improvement of library personnel,

iv) Cooperation at the national and international levels,

v) Promotion of standards, norms, services and guidelines, and

vi) Providing a forum for professionals and publication of materials.

b) Organization: The Council of the association acts as the governing body. The executive committee is constituted by the council in its very first meeting.

c) Functions and Activities

i) Act as a Driving Force: ILA takes up with the state governments the issue of enacting library legislation in order to develop the public library system.

ii) Development of the Profession: ILA has been pursuing with the government, UGC and other concerned bodies at all levels on matter relating to better salary, grades, service condition and status of the library professionals.

iii) Undertaking of Projects: ILA undertook compilation of “Union catalogue of Periodicals in the Libraries of South Asia”. Two other projects were allocated to ILA by the UNESCO. They are “Rendering of Asian Names” and “Directory of Asian Periodicals”.

iv) Publication: Library Bulleting (1942-46), Journal of Indian Library Association (1955-64), ILA Bulletin, ILA Newsletter, etc some of the publications of the ILA. ABGILA (1949-52), was another publication, which was an intionym, a confluence of three journals in one periodical that is Annals, Bulletin, Granthalaya of ILA.

v) Seminars, Conferences, Workshops and Training: ILA holds All India Library Conference Annually; in 1995 Regional Conferences were started. Besides, the Association also arranges lectures, round table discussion etc. mostly in Delhi. Several training programmes in computer application (in Delhi from 2-7^th June 1986), use of CDS/ISIS software etc were also organized with support of NISSAT.

vi) Fellowships, Funds and Grants: Vedanayaki Fellowship for MLISc students; Dr. Umapati Fellowship for LIS students; P. V. Verghese Prize for the best article contribution to ILA Bulletin, etc are some of the fellowship and award programmes of ILA for promoting librarianship.

vii) Cooperation: The ILA has cooperation with international organizations such as IFLA, UNESCO, COMLA, etc. It has also been playing an important role in the JOCLAI, RRRLF, Good Office Committee (GOC), National Book Trust (NBC), etc.

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