Management School
of Thought: During the present century, certain schools of management
thought have developed. Each school reflects the problems of the period during
which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to
classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management
theory. Based on the writings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the
management thoughts, have been classified in the following schools of
management theory.
b) Scientific Management
School: Scientific management is the application of the principles and
methodology of modern science to problems of administration. Scientific
management, in brief, involves certain combination of the following elements-
a) Management
Process School:
This school developed in France.
Henri Fayol, a Frenchman is considered as the father of this school. Sometimes
this school is referred to as “Traditional or Universalist” or Classical school.
It regards management as a universal process. The management process is
analyzed, conceptual framework is established, principles are identified and a
theory of management in built from it.
Henri Fayol
applied scientific approach but looked at administration from the top to down.
He focused on a systematic understanding of the overall management process. It
holds that management is a process which can best be understood by analyzing
its function.
The traditional
school is also called the rules of thumb, where workers are not given the
chance for decision-making. It is running as usual without any logic. There is
not any consideration of scientific method. The traditional school gives rise
to:
i) Narrow work specialization;
ii) Rigid hierarchical structure
of management;
iii) Gulf between vision and work
due to organizational levels;
iv) Salary and perks determining
the structure of management rather than work structure.
i) Science instead of rule of
thumb;
ii) Co-operation instead of
individuation;
iii) Harmony instead of discord;
iv) Maximum output instead of
restricted output;
v) The development of each person
to his greatest efficiency.
The term
scientific management was introduced by Louis Brandeis in 1910 in his
appearance before Interstate Commerce Commission. “The basic assumption of this
school is the philosophy that workers are economically motivated and they will
respond with their best emphasis is on maximum output with minimum effort by
eliminating waste and inefficiency at the operative level”.
The above theory
owes its origin to Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is regarded as the father of
scientific management. Efficiency was the central theme of his writing. He aimed
at making management a science based on well organized, clearly defined and
fixed principles of management instead of depending on more or less lazy ideas.
Scientific
management is also called Modern management. Modern management gives due
emphasis on Human Resource Development (HRD), so that they can use the existing
resources. Existing resources should be trained so that they can handle the
latest technology. Modern management looks into the personal development of the
staff. Welfare of the staff is the objective of modern management.
c) Bureaucratic Theory:
This theory was propounded by Max Weber which has profoundly influenced modern
thinking in these areas. Weber developed a bureaucratic model of organization
which is essentially a universal model of efficient organization. Bureaucracy
refers to a certain characteristic of organizational design. This emphasized
specialization within an organization and considered hierarchy of the decision
making process of great importance. He analyzed the authority and
responsibility of the office rather than individual. He made monumental
contribution to authority structures in a complex organization.
Luther Gulick,
an American has described the functions of an executive in terms of an acronym
POSDCORB, representing Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, COordinating,
Reporting and Budgeting.
d) Human
Relation School:
The human relations approach to management began with the Hawthorne experiments in the early 1930s. Its
findings led to the development of a new hypothesis i.e. motivation to work,
morale and productivity are related to social relations among the workers and
the supervision and not to physical condition of work. The human relation
school considers that as managing involves getting things done through people;
therefore management studies should be evolved around interpersonal relations.
Thus the main emphasis is on the individual and the informal group in the
formal organization. The basic concern is to study people as human beings
rather than as mere work units. Sociologists and psychologists have been very
active in developing this school of thought.
i) Human Behavior
School: The focus of
the human behavior school is on behaviour of the individual, the group and the
organization. This theory looks at the human factor as the central theme. It
lays greater emphasis on interpersonal relationship, leadership, group dynamics
and motivation of personnel. The basic assumption is that in case the
management can keep the employees happy, then this will result in the maximum
performance.
Elton Mayo and
group of industrial Psychologist conducted experiments at the Western Electric
Hawthorne plant in Chicago.
They came to the conclusion that social interaction and psychological factors
are important in determining the level of productivity and satisfaction.
ii) Social System
School: This theory
views organization as a system which is composed of interacting and inter
dependent parts. As a system, an organization is composed of a number of
subsystem of parts, each of which are in itself a system composed of various
subsystems which are also in interdependent and interaction relationship among
themselves. The various subsystems of an organization are linked with each
other through its communication network, decisions, authority, responsibility,
relationship, objectives, policies, procedures and other aspects of
coordinating mechanism. The social system school encourages employees to
develop social group on the job, to participate in management and allows
democratic functioning in the enterprise.
e) Decision Theory
School: The decision
theory school of management, led by Simon looks upon the management processes as
a decision making process. In view of the decision theories, since the
performance of various management functions involved decision making the entire
field of management can be studied from the study of the process of decision
making. They have expanded their area of theory building from the decision
making processes to the study of the decision, the decision maker and the
social and psychological environment of the decision maker. The decision theory
starts with the small areas of decision making and then looks at the entire
field of management through this keyhole.
f) Democratic Schools:
With development, people are now aware about their rights and responsibilities.
Democratic rights are given to the workers. They have the right to oppose to
illegal works. They can demand for the right to oppose to illegal works. They
can demand for their rights. All these approaches led to the development of
democratic school of management.
g) Contingency Theory
School: This theory
emphasizes that there is no best way to manage. It focus on the inter
relationship within and among the subsystems as well as between the organization
and its environment. It emphasizes the multivariate nature of organization and
attempts to understand how organizations operate under varying conditions and
in specific situation. It regards management as situational.
None of the
above school provides a comprehensive view. Each has strong and weak points. In
the present time, people don’t support the traditional school, as there is not any
scope of right of the workers. It is not the mentality of workers to work as a
toy under the authority. As a result, democratic school has got the importance.
But the contingency school of management includes all other schools of
management and so seems to be more adaptable.
Human relation
school should get importance, as for the development of an organization it is
most essential. An organization can fulfill its objectives only when the
employees are satisfied. They should get an environment to work and to get
working environment mutual respect for each other is essential.
The most
suitable school in the present situation seems to be modern school. This is
because personnel constitute the most important and vital key to the effective
functioning of an organization. Their knowledge and skills have to be
constantly upgraded to handle new task to achieve organizational success and
the modern schools feel the necessity of this point.
Similarly
scientific schools can also be supported in the present time. Today, the
library and information systems are the complex organizations committed to
serve the users demands. Libraries have growth in times in the social,
cultural, scientific and technological environments in which they have been
developing and operating. Modern libraries are not merely store houses of
information and knowledge, but are also live and active institutions involved
in a vital service to the society. Today, information and knowledge are
considered as important as energy and biotechnology and hence have to be taken
care of and managed well. Therefore in the libraries, the theories and
principles of scientific management are being increasingly applied to manage
them.
A number of more
or less separate schools of management thought have emerged since the end of
the 19th century and each sees management from its own viewpoint.
Each of the above school of management thought reflects the problems of the
period during which they were popular and these schools which have survived
today are influencing management thoughts of the present situation.
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